Learn Text Case Styles

Text casing shows up everywhere — headings, emails, spreadsheets, code variables, file names, and URLs. This guide explains what each case is, where it is used, and how to avoid common mistakes.

Quick Definitions

Case

A case style is a consistent way to format letters, word boundaries, and separators. The goal is clarity and consistency.

Separators

Some formats use separators like underscores or hyphens. Others remove separators and use capital letters to mark word boundaries.

Common Writing Cases

Use these formats for documents, emails, headings, and general readability.

UPPERCASE
Labels, warnings, and short emphasis.
WARNING: DO NOT SHARE PASSWORDS.
Avoid long all-caps paragraphs. They reduce readability.
lowercase
Normalization, consistency, and casual writing.
normalize product names to lowercase before comparing.
Lowercase is common for tags, identifiers, and cleanup steps.
Title Case
Headings, titles, and navigation labels.
How to Convert Text Case Online
Different style guides treat minor words (a, the, in, on) differently.
Sentence case
Normal writing, UI labels, and short descriptions.
This is a normal sentence with only the first word capitalized.
Modern apps and websites increasingly prefer sentence case for headings.

Developer Cases

These formats are used for variables, file names, URLs, and code.

camelCase
JavaScript variables, JSON keys, and many APIs.
userName, totalPrice, isLoggedIn
First word starts lowercase. Each next word starts uppercase.
PascalCase
Class names, types, and React components.
UserProfile, CheckoutForm, PaymentStatus
Same as camelCase but first word also starts uppercase.
snake_case
Python variables, database fields, and ETL pipelines.
user_name, total_price, created_at
Words separated by underscores. Simple and readable.
kebab-case
URLs, CSS class names, and file paths.
text-case-converter, my-blog-post, getting-started
Words separated by hyphens. Recommended by Google for URLs.
CONSTANT_CASE
Constants in JavaScript, Python, Java, and C.
MAX_RETRIES, API_BASE_URL, DEFAULT_TIMEOUT
All uppercase with underscores. Also called SCREAMING_SNAKE_CASE.
dot.case
Java packages, configuration keys, and object paths.
com.example.app, user.settings.theme
All lowercase with dots between words.
slug
URL-friendly page names and product pages.
how-to-format-text, json-formatter-online
Lowercase with hyphens. Symbols and special characters removed.

Common Questions

Why do symbols disappear in camelCase and PascalCase?

Those formats are used for code identifiers. Symbols and extra separators are removed so the result stays valid for variables, classes, and functions.

Why do URLs prefer kebab-case?

Hyphens are widely supported, easy to read, and recommended by Google for URL structure. They also work well in file names across all operating systems.

What is the difference between kebab-case and a slug?

They look similar. A slug applies extra cleanup like removing quotes, special characters, and trimming repeated separators to produce a clean URL-safe string.

Should I use Title Case or Sentence case for headings?

Pick one style and be consistent. Title Case is traditional for blog titles and book chapters. Sentence case is common in modern app interfaces and is easier to read.

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